When you want to install Drupal CMS on Ubuntu 20.04 | 18.04 with Nginx and Let’s encrypt SSL wildcard certificates, this post should come in handy!
This brief tutorial shows students and new users how to install Drupal content management system (CMS) on Ubuntu 18.04 | 20.04 with Nginx HTTP server and Let’s encrypt wildcard SSL certificates.
Drupal, a free and open source content management system built with PHP is easy to install and manage.
You can use Drupal to run your content websites and build amazing digital experiences with little efforts.
When you’re looking for a CMS to run your content online, Drupal should probably be a starting point for you. And if you want to learn how to easily install and mange it, then this post is all you need.
For more about Drupal, please check their Homepage
To get started with installing Drupal, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Install Nginx HTTP Server
Drupal requires a web server to function, and Nginx is one of the most popular opensource web server available today.
To install Nginx on Ubuntu, run the commands below:
sudo apt update sudo apt install nginx
After installing Nginx, the commands below can be used to stop, start and enable Nginx service to always start up with the server boots.
sudo systemctl stop nginx.service sudo systemctl start nginx.service sudo systemctl enable nginx.service
To test whether Nginx is installed and functioning, open your web browser and browse to the server’s IP address or hostname.
http://localhost
If you see the above page in your browser, then Nginx is working as expected.
Step 2: Install MariaDB Database Server
You’ll also need a database server to run Drupal. A database server is where Drupal content get stored.
A true open source database server that you can use with Drupal is MariaDB database server. It is fast, secure and the default server for almost all Linux servers.
To install MariaDB, run the commands below:
sudo apt-get install mariadb-server mariadb-client
After installing MariaDB, the commands below can be used to stop, start and enable MariaDB service to always start up when the server boots.
sudo systemctl stop mariadb.service sudo systemctl start mariadb.service sudo systemctl enable mariadb.service
Next, run the commands below to secure the database server with a root password if you were not prompted to do so during the installation.
sudo mysql_secure_installation
When prompted, answer the questions below by following the guide.
- Enter current password for root (enter for none): Just press the Enter
- Set root password? [Y/n]: Y
- New password: Enter password
- Re-enter new password: Repeat password
- Remove anonymous users? [Y/n]: Y
- Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n]: Y
- Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n]: Y
- Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n]: Y
To verify and validate that MariaDB is installed and working, login to the database console using the commands below:
sudo mysql -u root -p
type the root password when prompted.
If you see a similar screen as shown above, then the server was successfully installed.
Step 3: Install PHP 7.4 and Related Modules
Drupal is a PHP based application, and PHP is required to run it. Since some versions of Ubuntu don’t have the latest version of PHP, you can add a third-party PPA repository to install PHP from there.
The command below will add a third-party PPA to Ubuntu.
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ondrej/php
Then update and upgrade to PHP 7.4
sudo apt update
Next, run the commands below to install PHP 7.4 and related modules.
sudo apt install php7.4-fpm php7.4-common php7.4-mysql php7.4-gmp php7.4-curl php7.4-intl php7.4-mbstring php7.4-xmlrpc php7.4-gd php7.4-xml php7.4-cli php7.4-zip
After installing PHP 7.4, go and configure some basic settings that may be required for Drupal to function properly.
Run the commands below to open PHP
sudo nano /etc/php/7.4/fpm/php.ini
Below are good settings to configure for most Drupal websites.
file_uploads = On allow_url_fopen = On short_open_tag = On memory_limit = 256M cgi.fix_pathinfo = 0 upload_max_filesize = 100M max_execution_time = 360 date.timezone = America/Chicago
That should get PHP 7.4 installed with some basic settings to allow Drupal to function.
Step 4: Create Drupal Database
When all the servers installed above, it’s now time to begin setting up Drupal environment. First, run the steps below to create a blank database for Drupal to use.
Logon to MariaDB database console using the commands below:
sudo mysql -u root -p
Then create a database called drupal
CREATE DATABASE drupal;
Next, create a database user called drupaluser and set password
CREATE USER 'drupaluser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password_here';
Then grant the user full access to the database.
GRANT ALL ON drupal.* TO 'drupaluser'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION;
Finally, save your changes and exit.
FLUSH PRIVILEGES; EXIT;
Step 5: Download Drupal
At this point, Drupal is ready to be downloaded and installed. Use the commands below to download the latest version of Drupal.
To get Drupal latest release you may want to use Github repository… Install Composer, Curl and other dependencies to get started…
sudo apt install curl git curl -sS https://getcomposer.org/installer | sudo php -- --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer
After installing curl and Composer above, change into the Nginx root directory and download Drupal packages from Github… Always replace the branch number with the latest branch.
To view Drupal releases, see this page.
cd /var/www/
sudo git clone --branch 8.8.5 https://git.drupal.org/project/drupal.git
cd /var/www/drupal
sudo composer install
Then run command below to allow www-data user to own the Drupal directory.
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/drupal/ sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/drupal/
Step 6: Configure Nginx
Below is where you configure Nginx VirtualHost file for the Drupal site you’re creating. This file defines how client requests are handled and processed.
Run the commands below to create a new VirtualHost file called drupal in the /etc/nginx/sites-available/ directory.
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/drupal
A very good configuration settings for most Drupal site on Nginx server is below. This configuration should work great.
Copy the content below and save into the file created above.
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
root /var/www/drupal;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
client_max_body_size 100M;
autoindex off;
location ~ \..*/.*\.php$ {
return 403;
}
location ~ ^/sites/.*/private/ {
return 403;
}
# Block access to scripts in site files directory
location ~ ^/sites/[^/]+/files/.*\.php$ {
deny all;
}
# Block access to "hidden" files and directories whose names begin with a
# period. This includes directories used by version control systems such
# as Subversion or Git to store control files.
location ~ (^|/)\. {
return 403;
}
location / {
try_files $uri /index.php?$query_string;
}
location @rewrite {
rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php?q=$1;
}
# Don't allow direct access to PHP files in the vendor directory.
location ~ /vendor/.*\.php$ {
deny all;
return 404;
}
location ~ '\.php$|^/update.php' {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
# Fighting with Styles? This little gem is amazing.
# location ~ ^/sites/.*/files/imagecache/ { # For Drupal <= 6
location ~ ^/sites/.*/files/styles/ { # For Drupal >= 7
try_files $uri @rewrite;
}
# Handle private files through Drupal. Private file's path can come
# with a language prefix.
location ~ ^(/[a-z\-]+)?/system/files/ { # For Drupal >= 7
try_files $uri /index.php?$query_string;
}
}
Save the file and exit.
After saving the file above, run the commands below to enable the new site, then restart Nginx server.
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/drupal /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ sudo systemctl restart nginx.service
At this stage, drupal is ready and can be launched by going to the server’s IP or hostname.
http://localhost
However, if you want to enable SSL or accept web traffic over HTTPS, then you can continue below to install and configure Let’s Encrypt free SSL certificates.
Step 7: Install Let’s Encrypt Wildcard Certificates
At step 6, Drupal is ready to use without SSL. However, if you want to serve web traffic over HTTPS, then installing and configuring Let’s Encrypt SSL certificate or other public certificates is a must.
To install Let’s Encrypt, run the commands below.
sudo apt update sudo apt-get install letsencrypt
The commands above will install certbot tool and all dependencies that will be allowed to make the tool function.
Let’s Encrypt provides many ways to challenge you to validate that you own the domain you want to provide SSL certificates for. You will not be able to generate certificates if you can’t prove that you own the domain you want to secure.
For wildcard certificates, the only challenge method Let’s Encrypt accepts is the DNS challenge, which we can invoke via the preferred-challenges=dns flag.
So, to generate a wildcard cert for domain *.example.com, you run the commands below:
sudo certbot certonly --manual --preferred-challenges=dns --email [email protected] --server https://acme-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory --agree-tos -d example.com -d *.example.com
The command options above are explained below:
- certonly: Obtain or renew a certificate, but do not install
- –manual: Obtain certificates interactively
- –preferred-challenges=dns: Use dns to authenticate domain ownership
- –server: Specify the endpoint to use to generate
- –agree-tos: Agree to the ACME server’s subscriber terms
- -d: Domain name to provide certificates for
After executing the command above, Let’s Encrypt will provide a text string to add a text record to your DNS entry…
Example:
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log Plugins selected: Authenticator manual, Installer None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Would you be willing to share your email address with the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a founding partner of the Let's Encrypt project and the non-profit organization that develops Certbot? We'd like to send you email about EFF and our work to encrypt the web, protect its users and defend digital rights. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Y)es/(N)o: y Obtaining a new certificate Performing the following challenges: dns-01 challenge for example.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: The IP of this machine will be publicly logged as having requested this certificate. If you're running certbot in manual mode on a machine that is not your server, please ensure you're okay with that. Are you OK with your IP being logged? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Y)es/(N)o: y ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Please deploy a DNS TXT record under the name _acme-challenge.example.com with the following value: x4MrZ6y-JqFJQRmq_lGi9ReRQHPa1aTC9J2O7wDKzq8 Before continuing, verify the record is deployed.
Go to your DNS provider portal and add a text record for the string above and save…
Wait a few mins before continuing from the prompt.
Some DNS providers take a wile to propagate changes so it may depend on your provider’s platform.
After the changes above and Let’s encrypt is able to validate that you own the domain, you should see a successful message as below:
IMPORTANT NOTES: - Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem Your key file has been saved at: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem Your cert will expire on 2020-01-09. To obtain a new or tweaked version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run "certbot renew"
The wildcard certificate is now generated and ready to be used.
To verify that the certificate is ready, run the commands below:
sudo certbot certificates
That should display similar screen as below:
Found the following certs: Certificate Name: example.com Domains: *.example.com Expiry Date: 2020-01-05 07:48:04+00:00 (VALID: 85 days) Certificate Path: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem Private Key Path: /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
Now, Let’s Encrypt’s certificates are valid for 90 days… You’ll want to setup a crob job to automate the renewal process… To do that, open crontab and add the entry below:
sudo crontab -e
Then add the line below and save…
0 1 * * * /usr/bin/certbot renew >> /var/log/letsencrypt/renew.log
Save and you’re done!
With Let’s Encrypt installed, reopen Nginx VirtualHost file created above and add Let’s Encrypt configurations to secure your website.
Run the commands below open the file.
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/drupal
Then add the highlighted lines to the VirtualHost file as shown below:
server { listen 80; listen [::]:80; server_name *.example.com; return 301 https://$host$request_uri; } server { listen 443 ssl http2; listen [::]:443 ssl http2; root /var/www/drupal; index index.php; server_name example.com www.example.com; if ($host != "example.com") { return 301 https://example.com$request_uri; } ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem; ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem; ssl_trusted_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/chain.pem; ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3; ssl_ciphers 'TLS13+AESGCM+AES128:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS'; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m; ssl_session_timeout 1d; ssl_session_tickets off; ssl_ecdh_curve X25519:sect571r1:secp521r1:secp384r1; client_max_body_size 100M; autoindex off; location ~ \..*/.*\.php$ { return 403; } location ~ ^/sites/.*/private/ { return 403; } # Block access to scripts in site files directory location ~ ^/sites/[^/]+/files/.*\.php$ { deny all; } # Block access to "hidden" files and directories whose names begin with a # period. This includes directories used by version control systems such # as Subversion or Git to store control files. location ~ (^|/)\. { return 403; } location / { try_files $uri /index.php?$query_string; } location @rewrite { rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php?q=$1; } # Don't allow direct access to PHP files in the vendor directory. location ~ /vendor/.*\.php$ { deny all; return 404; } location ~ '\.php$|^/update.php' { include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf; fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi_params; } # Fighting with Styles? This little gem is amazing. # location ~ ^/sites/.*/files/imagecache/ { # For Drupal <= 6 location ~ ^/sites/.*/files/styles/ { # For Drupal >= 7 try_files $uri @rewrite; } # Handle private files through Drupal. Private file's path can come # with a language prefix. location ~ ^(/[a-z\-]+)?/system/files/ { # For Drupal >= 7 try_files $uri /index.php?$query_string; } }
After the above, restart Nginx and PHP 7.4-FPM
sudo systemctl reload nginx sudo systemctl reload php7.4-fpm
Next, open your browser and browse to the server domain name. You should see Drupal setup wizard to complete. Please follow the wizard carefully.
https://example.com/
Then follow the on-screen instructions… Select the installation language then click Save and Continue.
On the next screen, choose the Standard installation option to include commonly used features that are pre-configured.
This is the most popular options for most website running Drupal CMS.
Next, type in the database connection info and click Save and continue.
After that, enter the site information, including Site name, Site admin email address, username and password and continue.
When you’re done, Drupal should be installed and ready to use. Login as admin and begin configuring your site.
In the future when you want to upgrade to a new released version, simply run the commands below to upgrade…
sudo composer update /var/www/drupal/core --with-dependencies cd /var/www/drupal sudo composer require drush/drush cd /var/www/drupal/vendor/drush/drush ./drush updatedb ./drush cr sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/drupal sudo chmod 755 /var/www/drupal
That’s it!
Congratulation! You have successfully installed Drupal CMS on Ubuntu 18.04 | 20.04. If you find any error above, please use the comment form below to report it.
Thanks,
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